1. Kusintha ndi kupanga chizindikiro cha gawo la pafupipafupi. Chizindikiro cha magetsi cha jenereta kapena gridi yamagetsi choyamba chimatenga chizindikiro cha clutter mu mafunde amagetsi kudzera mu dera losefera la resistance ndi capacitance, kenako chimatumiza ku cholumikizira cha photoelectric kuti chipange rectang...